Background: Mandibular fractures are common maxillofacial injuries causing functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial impact. In Bangladesh, district hospitals manage the majority of cases; however, data on fracture patterns and treatment outcomes are limited. Understanding local epidemiology is crucial for optimizing trauma care and allocating resources effectively. Objectives: To evaluate the patterns, management approaches, and clinical outcomes of mandibular fractures treated at a district hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Pabna Medical College &Hospital, Pabna, covering the period from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 57 mandibular fracture patients were included via purposive sampling. Data on demographics, injury etiology, fracture sites, treatment, and outcomes were collected from hospital records and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: Total of 57 patients with mandibular fractures were analyzed, with males comprising 78.9% and females 21.1% (p = 0.002). The highest affected age group was 21–30 years (36.8%). Road traffic accidents accounted for 56.1% of cases (p = 0.015). The body (31.6%) and angle (24.6%) were the most common fracture sites (p = 0.032). Closed reduction was performed in 63.2%, open reduction in 36.8% (p = 0.041), and satisfactory outcomes were achieved in 86.0% (p = 0.018). Conclusion: Mandibular fractures in this district hospital predominantly affected young adult males and were mainly caused by road traffic accidents. Most involved the body and angle, and treatment-primarily closed reduction resulted in favorable outcomes with minimal complications.